Robert III Stewart

James III was king of Scots from 1460 to 1488. The son of James II and Mary of Guelders, he was about eight at his accession and grew into a cultivated but unpopular ruler, more interested in the arts, music and architecture than in the hunting and campaigning his nobility expected. His marriage to Margaret of Denmark in 1469 brought Orkney and Shetland into the Scottish crown in place of her unpaid dowry, a lasting gain. His attempts at friendship with England, his reliance on low-born favourites and his quarrels with his own brothers repeatedly set the magnates against him, and he was overthrown and killed in 1488 after the Battle of Sauchieburn, fought in the name of his eldest son, who became James IV.

James IV was king of Scots from 1488 to 1513 and is usually reckoned the most successful of the Stewart kings. The son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, he came to the throne at fifteen after the rebellion that ended his father's reign, and spent his life atoning for it. He was a genuine Renaissance prince: a linguist, a patron of the poets William Dunbar and Robert Henryson, a founder of the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh and of Scotland's first printing press, and the builder of the great warship the Michael. His marriage to Margaret Tudor in 1503, the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, eventually carried his descendants to the English throne. He was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.

James V was king of Scots from 1513 to 1542. Born at Linlithgow Palace in 1512 to James IV and Margaret Tudor, he was seventeen months old when his father was killed at Flodden, and his long minority was fought over by his mother, the Earl of Angus and the Duke of Albany. Ruling in his own right from 1528, he built up the crown's revenues, taxed the church heavily and rebuilt Falkland, Stirling and Linlithgow in the new Renaissance manner. He kept Scotland's French alliance and Catholic allegiance against the pressure of his uncle Henry VIII, marrying first Madeleine of Valois and then Mary of Guise. He died at Falkland Palace in December 1542, days after the birth of his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots.

Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, was the daughter of Margaret Tudor by her second marriage to Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and therefore a niece of Henry VIII with a real place in the English succession. Born at Harbottle Castle in Northumberland in 1515, she was raised largely at the English court and was close to her cousin Mary I. Her marriage in 1544 to Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, joined two claims to the Scottish and English thrones, and she worked tirelessly to advance them, promoting the marriage of her son Lord Darnley to Mary, Queen of Scots in 1565. That ambition twice landed her in the Tower of London. She died in 1578, grandmother of the future James VI and I.

James VI and I was king of Scots from 1567 and the first monarch to rule Scotland, England and Ireland together, succeeding Elizabeth I in 1603 in the Union of the Crowns. Born at Edinburgh Castle in 1566 to Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, he became king at thirteen months when his mother was deposed, and was brought up by regents and rigorous Protestant tutors. A genuine scholar, he wrote on kingship, witchcraft and tobacco, and commissioned the King James Bible of 1611. He married Anne of Denmark in 1589 and had three children who survived infancy: Henry Frederick, Elizabeth and Charles. His reign saw the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 and the first permanent English settlements in North America.

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, was the eldest son of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark and heir to the three kingdoms until his death at eighteen. Born at Stirling Castle in 1594 and raised there apart from his mother, he was invested as Prince of Wales in 1610 and quickly became the focus of enormous public expectation: athletic, militantly Protestant, keen on ships and naval power, and a serious collector of art and books whose collection later formed part of his brother's. He built his household at St James's Palace into a rival court to his father's. His death in November 1612 was met with extraordinary national mourning, and the succession passed to his younger brother, Charles I.

Charles I was king of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 until 1649. Born at Dunfermline in 1600, the second son of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark, he became heir when his elder brother Henry Frederick died in 1612. He married the French princess Henrietta Maria in 1625 and assembled one of the greatest art collections in Europe, employing Van Dyck and Rubens. His insistence on the divine right of kings, his eleven years of personal rule without parliament, and his attempt to impose a new prayer book on Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars and then the Civil Wars. Defeated by parliament's armies, he was tried for treason and executed outside the Banqueting House at Whitehall in January 1649.

Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland, reigning in Scotland from 1649 and in all three kingdoms from the Restoration of 1660 until his death in 1685. The eldest surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, he was born at St James's Palace in 1630, fought in the Civil Wars as a teenager and, after defeat at Worcester in 1651, spent nine years in exile on the Continent. Invited back in 1660, he presided over a reign that saw the Great Plague, the Fire of London, the founding of the Royal Society and the Royal Observatory, and three wars with the Dutch. Known as the Merry Monarch, he had no legitimate children by his queen, Catherine of Braganza, so his brother James succeeded him.

Sophia of Hanover was the granddaughter of James VI and I through whom the British crown passed to the House of Hanover. The twelfth child of Elizabeth Stuart and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, she was born in exile at The Hague in 1630 and grew up in a household famous for its learning; she corresponded for years with the philosopher Leibniz and was a notable intellectual figure in her own right. In 1658 she married Ernest Augustus, who became the first Elector of Hanover. The English Act of Settlement of 1701 named her and her Protestant descendants heirs to the throne after Queen Anne. She died in June 1714, weeks before Anne, and her son became King George I.

William III was Prince of Orange from birth, Dutch stadtholder from 1672, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 until 1702. Born at The Hague in 1650 to William II of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal, he was a grandson of Charles I and so a Stuart on his mother's side. He made his name resisting Louis XIV's invasion of the Dutch Republic in 1672, and in 1677 married his first cousin Mary, elder daughter of James II. Invited by English politicians in 1688, he landed at Torbay, and when James fled he and Mary were offered the crown jointly on terms set out in the Bill of Rights. He won the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and ruled alone after Mary's death in 1694.

Mary II was queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 until her death in 1694, reigning jointly with her husband William III in the only true joint monarchy in British history. Born at St James's Palace in 1662, the elder daughter of James II and Anne Hyde, she was raised a Protestant on the orders of her uncle Charles II and married her Dutch cousin William of Orange in 1677. When parliament offered them the crown after her father fled in 1688, she insisted that William reign with her rather than as her consort. She governed the kingdoms alone and effectively during his long absences on campaign, and took a leading part in founding the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich. She died in 1694, childless.