Sofía of Greece and Denmark

Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1817 to 1898) was Queen of Denmark as the wife of Christian IX and the matriarch of the modern House of Glücksburg. Born in Kassel, she was a niece of Christian VIII of Denmark, and it was partly through her own descent that her husband's claim to the Danish succession was strengthened. She married Christian in 1842 and had six children: Frederik VIII, Alexandra, George I of Greece, Dagmar, Thyra and Valdemar. A gifted musician and a determined organiser of her children's futures, she did more than anyone to arrange the marriages that carried her family into the British, Russian, Greek and later Norwegian royal houses.

Christian IX (1818 to 1906) was King of Denmark from 1863 until his death, and the ancestor from whom every later member of the House of Glücksburg descends. Born at Gottorp Castle in Schleswig into a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg, he was named heir to the childless Frederik VII and came to the throne in a year of crisis, losing Schleswig and Holstein in the war of 1864 and later accepting the parliamentary reforms that shaped modern Danish politics. With his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel he had six children whose marriages earned him the nickname father-in-law of Europe: Frederik VIII of Denmark, Alexandra, queen consort of the United Kingdom, George I of Greece, Dagmar, who became Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Thyra, and Valdemar.

Frederik VIII (1843 to 1912) was King of Denmark from 1906 to 1912, the eldest son of Christian IX and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. He waited more than forty years as crown prince, during which he was more sympathetic than his father to the liberal parliamentary movement, and his short reign was marked by a conciliatory tone towards the Danish government and a cautious reform of the relationship with Iceland. He married Louise of Sweden in 1869. Two of their sons became kings: Christian X of Denmark and Prince Carl, who was elected King of Norway in 1905 as Haakon VII, making Frederik VIII the father of two reigning Scandinavian dynasties.

Alexandra of Denmark (1844 to 1925) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and Empress of India as the wife of Edward VII. The eldest daughter of Christian IX and Louise of Hesse-Kassel, she grew up in modest circumstances in Copenhagen before her marriage in 1863 made her Princess of Wales, a role she held for 38 years, longer than anyone before her. Admired for her style and her charitable work, she founded the Imperial Military Nursing Service that bears her name and gave her name to Alexandra Rose Day. Her sister Dagmar became Empress of Russia, her brother became George I of Greece, and her daughter Maud became Queen of Norway.

George I (1845 to 1913) was King of the Hellenes for almost fifty years and the founder of the Greek branch of the House of Glücksburg. Born Prince Vilhelm of Denmark, the second son of Christian IX, he was elected to the Greek throne in 1863 at the age of seventeen after the deposition of Otto of Bavaria, and deliberately styled himself King of the Hellenes rather than King of Greece. His reign saw the cession of the Ionian Islands to Greece, the gradual consolidation of parliamentary government, the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, and the territorial gains of the Balkan Wars. He married Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867, and died in Thessaloniki in March 1913.

Nicholas II (1868 to 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 until his abdication in March 1917. He was the eldest son of Alexander III and of Maria Feodorovna, the Danish-born daughter of Christian IX, which made him a grandson of the founder of the House of Glücksburg and a first cousin of both George V of the United Kingdom and Christian X of Denmark, whom he closely resembled. His reign saw rapid industrial growth alongside the defeat of the Russo-Japanese War, the revolution of 1905 and the creation of the Duma, and finally the strains of the First World War, which brought the three-century Romanov monarchy to an end. He died in 1918.

Maud of Wales (1869 to 1938) was the first queen of independent Norway, wife of Haakon VII. The youngest daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, she was also a granddaughter of Christian IX, which means both she and her husband descended from the founder of the House of Glücksburg. She married her first cousin Prince Carl of Denmark in 1896 and moved to Norway when he accepted the throne in 1905. Keenly interested in winter sports, music and fashion, she kept close ties to Britain while supporting Norwegian charities and the arts, and her wardrobe is now a studied collection at the National Museum in Oslo. She was the mother of Olav V.

George II (1890 to 1947) was King of the Hellenes from 1922 to 1924 and again from 1935 until his death, the eldest son of Constantine I and Sophia of Prussia. He came to the throne after the Asia Minor defeat, was pushed aside within two years when Greece declared a republic, and lived in exile in Romania and Britain for eleven years before a plebiscite restored the monarchy in 1935. His second reign saw the Metaxas government, the Italian invasion of 1940 and the German occupation, through which he led the Greek government in exile from Cairo and London. He returned to Greece in 1946 and died the following year, succeeded by his brother Paul.

Alexander (1893 to 1920) was King of the Hellenes from 1917 to 1920, the second son of Constantine I and Sophia of Prussia. He was placed on the throne by the Allies and the Venizelos government after his father and elder brother were forced out, and ruled as a largely powerless monarch while real authority rested with his prime minister, who kept him from political affairs and from contact with his exiled family. During his short reign Greece fought alongside the Allies and made large territorial gains in Thrace and Asia Minor. His marriage in 1919 to Aspasia Manos, a Greek commoner, was not initially recognised. He died in 1920 and was succeeded by his father.

Frederik IX (1899 to 1972) was King of Denmark from 1947 until his death, the elder son of Christian X and Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. A career naval officer before his accession, he was an enthusiastic sailor and an accomplished amateur conductor, and he cultivated a relaxed, approachable style that suited post-war Denmark. The defining act of his reign was the constitutional change of 1953, which allowed female succession and so made his eldest daughter his heir. He married Ingrid of Sweden in 1935, and their three daughters were Margrethe II of Denmark, Benedikte, and Anne-Marie, who became Queen of the Hellenes.

Margrethe II (born 1940) reigned as Queen of Denmark from 1972 until her abdication on 14 January 2024, becoming Europe's longest-serving head of state before she stood down. The eldest daughter of Frederik IX and Ingrid of Sweden, she became heir only because the constitution was changed in 1953 to allow female succession. She trained as an archaeologist, taking part in excavations in Egypt and Italy, and built a parallel career as an artist: she designed stage sets and costumes, and illustrated the Danish edition of The Lord of the Rings under the name Ingahild Grathmer. She married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat in 1967 and is the mother of King Frederik X and Prince Joachim.