Public Family Trees/Romanov/Alexander II
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Alexander II reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1855 until his death in 1881. Known as the 'Tsar Liberator,' he is best remembered for the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which abolished serfdom across the Russian Empire, alongside sweeping judicial, military, and local-government reforms. He was the eldest son of Nicholas I and married Maria Alexandrovna, with whom he had several children including his successor, Alexan…
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Died1881
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Gen 5 · 1895 - 1918
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was the eldest child of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna. Born in 1895, she grew up alongside her sisters Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia, and her younger brother Alexei, within the close-knit and largely secluded world of the imperial family. She trained as a Red Cross nurse during the First World War, working in a military hospital at Tsarskoye Selo alongside her mother and sister Tatiana. Thoughtful and musically gifted, she was reportedly reluctant about prospective political marriages proposed for her. After her father's abdication in 1917, she remained with her family in captivity until her death alongside them in 1918, at the age of 22.
Gen 5 · 1897 - 1918
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna was the second daughter of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna, born in 1897. Tall and often described as the most poised of the four sisters, she was especially close to her mother and effectively ran the household during her father's absences at military headquarters. Like her elder sister Olga, she trained and served as a Red Cross nurse during the First World War, performing surgical assisting duties at the family's private hospital in Tsarskoye Selo. She, along with her sisters Olga, Maria, and Anastasia and her brother Alexei, remained with their parents throughout the family's captivity following the 1917 abdication, until her death with them in 1918.
Gen 5 · 1899 - 1918
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna was the third daughter of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna, born in 1899. Known within the family for her warmth, physical strength, and fondness for children and soldiers, she was considered the most sociable of the four sisters. Together with her elder sisters Olga and Tatiana and younger sister Anastasia, she shared a close bond expressed in the family's habit of signing letters with the joint initials 'OTMA.' She spent her final months confined with her parents and siblings following Nicholas II's 1917 abdication, first at Tsarskoye Selo, then Tobolsk, and finally Yekaterinburg, where she died with her family in 1918 at the age of 19.
Gen 5 · 1901 - 1918
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna was the fourth and youngest daughter of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna, born in 1901. Lively and known for her sharp wit, she was the youngest of the four sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and herself, who signed letters jointly as 'OTMA.' She died with her family in 1918, but persistent rumors that she had survived produced decades of impostor claims, most famously by Anna Anderson, making her the subject of enduring public fascination. DNA analysis of remains recovered near Yekaterinburg in 2007 and identified in 2009 confirmed that she died with the rest of her family, finally resolving the mystery that had surrounded her fate for most of the twentieth century.
Gen 3 · 1847 - 1928
Maria Feodorovna, born Princess Dagmar of Denmark, was Empress consort of Russia as the wife of Alexander III, whom she married in 1866. The daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, she was the sister of Britain's Queen Alexandra, placing her at the center of Europe's interconnected royal houses. She and Alexander III had six children, including Nicholas II, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, and Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. After the family's downfall she was among the few Romanovs to escape Russia, eventually returning to Denmark, where she lived until her death in 1928, having outlived her son Nicholas II and most of his family.
Gen 3 · 1864 - 1918
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, born Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, was the elder sister of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, whom she married in 1884. Widowed in 1905, she withdrew from court life, sold her jewels, and founded the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary in Moscow, where she lived as a nun and devoted herself to charitable and medical work among the city's poor. Widely respected for her piety and humanitarian work even amid revolutionary upheaval, she was arrested with other members of the imperial family after the revolution and died in 1918, the same year as her sister and the Romanov branch she had married into.
Gen 5 · 1904 - 1918
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich was the fifth child and only son of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna, born in 1904 and heir apparent to the Russian throne. He inherited haemophilia through his mother's line, a condition that caused recurring life-threatening episodes and shaped the private life of the imperial family, including its association with Grigori Rasputin, who was consulted for the boy's care. Despite his illness, he was reported to be lively and close to his four sisters. His father's abdication in March 1917 named him as successor before Nicholas instead passed the throne to his brother Michael. Alexei remained with his family throughout their captivity and died alongside them in 1918, aged 13.
Gen 4 · 1872 - 1918
Alexandra Feodorovna, born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, was Empress consort of Russia as the wife of Nicholas II, whom she married in 1894. A granddaughter of Britain's Queen Victoria, she carried the gene for haemophilia, which affected her only son, Alexei, and shaped much of the private life of her later years. She and Nicholas II had five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei. Deeply religious and increasingly reclusive, she became associated with the controversial figure Grigori Rasputin, whom the family consulted over Alexei's illness. She was the elder sister of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. She died alongside her husband and children in 1918.
The Belgian royal family, formally the House of Belgium and dynastically a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is the reigning family of Belgium, founded when the German prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld accepted the throne of the newly independent kingdom in 1831 and continuing today through King Philippe and his heir, Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and chose a constitutional monarchy. Its National Congress looked abroad for a sovereign who could balance French and British interests, and settled on Leopold, a widowed, well-connected and famously cautious prince who had already turned down the crown of Greece. He took the constitutional oath on 21 July 1831, still the Belgian national day. Seven monarchs have reigned since: Leopold I, Leopold II, Albert I, Leopold III, Baudouin, Albert II and Philippe. ## Origins The dynasty's roots are in the small Thuringian duchy of Saxe-Coburg, whose princes married into half the thrones of nineteenth-century Europe. Leopold I was the uncle of both Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert, and his second marriage, to Louise-Marie of Orleans, daughter of the French king Louis Philippe I, tied the new kingdom to Paris as well as London. The crown did not pass in a straight line: Leopold II's only son died at the age of nine, so the succession moved to Leopold II's brother Philippe, Count of Flanders, and then to Philippe's son, Albert I. Every Belgian monarch since 1909 descends from that collateral branch. ## Notable members Leopold II is the most studied and most criticised figure in the family, remembered for the industrial boom and monumental building of his reign and, above all, for his personal rule over the Congo Free State. Albert I and Queen Elisabeth of Bavaria became wartime symbols of Belgian resistance behind the Yser in 1914. Leopold III's surrender in 1940 and his conduct under occupation triggered the political crisis known as the Royal Question and ended in his abdication. Baudouin reigned for 42 years and presided over Congolese independence and Belgium's transformation into a federal state. Daughters of the house carried its blood outward: Charlotte became Empress Carlota of Mexico, Marie-Jose was the last Queen of Italy, and Josephine-Charlotte was Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. ## Significance In a country divided by language, the monarchy has been the one institution claimed by both Flemish and Walloon Belgians, and the king's role in brokering coalition governments remains politically real rather than ceremonial. The family has also changed with the country: equal succession was introduced in 1991, making Princess Elisabeth the first female Duchess of Brabant and the future first queen regnant of the Belgians, and in 2020 a court recognised Delphine of Saxe-Coburg as a daughter of Albert II. | Fact | Details | | --- | --- | | Dynasty | House of Belgium (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) | | Country | Kingdom of Belgium | | Founder | Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1790-1865) | | Reigning since | 21 July 1831 | | Monarchs to date | Seven, from Leopold I to Philippe | | Current head | King Philippe (born 1960), reigning since 2013 | | Heir apparent | Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (born 2001) | | Principal residences | Royal Palace of Brussels, Castle of Laeken | | Motto | L'union fait la force / Eendracht maakt macht |
The House of Glücksburg is the reigning royal house of Denmark and Norway and the former royal house of Greece, a branch of the ancient House of Oldenburg whose modern members all descend from King Christian IX of Denmark (1818 to 1906) and his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Through the marriages of their six children, a minor ducal family from the Danish-German borderland became the common ancestor of monarchs in Copenhagen, Oslo and Athens, of a British queen consort, of a Russian empress, and of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ## Origins The house takes its name from Glücksburg, a small castle town in Schleswig, and belongs to the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg line of the House of Oldenburg, which had held the Danish throne since 1448. Christian IX was a prince of that cadet branch with no expectation of ruling until the childless Frederik VII made the Danish succession an open European question. Christian succeeded him in 1863, and within months his second son was elected King of the Hellenes as George I, planting the family in Greece for 110 years. In 1905 his grandson Prince Carl of Denmark accepted the Norwegian throne as Haakon VII, giving Norway its own dynasty after centuries of union with Denmark and then Sweden. ## Notable members Christian IX was nicknamed the father-in-law of Europe: his daughter Alexandra married Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and his daughter Dagmar became Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, mother of Nicholas II. The Danish line runs through Christian X, Frederik IX and Queen Margrethe II, a trained archaeologist and illustrator who reigned from 1972 until her abdication in 2024, to her son King Frederik X and Queen Mary. The Norwegian line runs from Haakon VII and Queen Maud through Olav V, an Olympic sailing champion, to King Harald V and Crown Prince Haakon. The Greek line produced Constantine I, Paul, Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie, Queen Sofía of Spain, and Prince Andrew's son Philip, consort to Elizabeth II for 73 years. ## Significance No other western dynasty connects as many surviving monarchies in a single documented lineage. Two of Europe's ten reigning royal families, Denmark and Norway, are Glücksburg in the male line, and the house also sits in the ancestry of the British and Spanish royal families. Its history traces the transformation of European monarchy itself: from the dynastic matchmaking of the 1860s, through the loss of the Russian and Greek thrones, to the constitutional, publicly accountable monarchies of modern Scandinavia. | Fact | Details | | --- | --- | | House name | Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of the House of Oldenburg | | Founding figure of the modern house | Christian IX of Denmark (1818 to 1906) | | Ancestral seat | Glücksburg Castle, Schleswig | | Thrones held | Denmark (1863 to present), Greece (1863 to 1973), Norway (1905 to present) | | Current heads of state | Frederik X of Denmark, Harald V of Norway | | Best-known member abroad | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921 to 2021) | | Nickname of its founder | The father-in-law of Europe |
The House of Tudor was the royal family that ruled England and Wales from 1485 to 1603, founded by Henry VII after his victory at Bosworth Field and ending with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth I. In five reigns the dynasty took England out of the Roman Catholic church, made the monarch the head of a national religion, and turned a peripheral kingdom into a naval and literary power. This tree follows the line from the Welsh courtier Owen Tudor and the dowager queen Catherine of Valois down to Elizabeth I, together with the Brandon, Grey and Clifford cousins and the Scottish line that ended in James VI and I. ## Origins The family name comes from Penmynydd in Anglesey, north Wales, where the Tudors were landed gentry in the service of the princes of Gwynedd. Owen Tudor came to the English court in the 1420s and married Catherine of Valois, the widow of Henry V. Their sons Edmund and Jasper Tudor were half-brothers of Henry VI, who raised them to earldoms in 1452. Edmund's marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort, a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, added the senior Lancastrian claim to the throne, and their only child, born after his father's death, became Henry VII. His marriage to Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV, joined the two houses whose rivalry had driven the Wars of the Roses and gave the dynasty its red and white rose. ## Notable members Henry VII rebuilt the crown's finances and secured the new dynasty through marriage alliances with Spain and Scotland. Henry VIII married six times and broke with Rome, and his three surviving children each reigned in turn: Edward VI as a Protestant boy king, Mary I as the first queen to rule England in her own right, and Elizabeth I for forty-four years. Around them stand the cousins who carried royal blood without the crown, among them Lady Jane Grey, queen for nine days, her sisters Catherine and Mary Grey, and Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, one of the last Plantagenets. ## The Scottish and Suffolk lines Henry VII's daughters carried the blood outward. Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland, and her line runs through James V and Mary, Queen of Scots, to James VI and I, who inherited England in 1603. Mary Tudor married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and their daughters Frances and Eleanor Brandon produced the Grey and Clifford claimants whom Henry VIII's will preferred over the Scottish descendants of his elder sister. ## Significance No English dynasty changed the country more in so few generations. The Tudors created the Church of England, absorbed the wealth of the monasteries into the crown, brought Wales formally into the English legal and parliamentary system, and built the navy that met the Spanish Armada. The Elizabethan settlement shaped English religion for centuries, and the Elizabethan decades produced Shakespeare, Spenser and the first English voyages to the Americas. When Elizabeth I died unmarried in 1603, the throne passed peacefully to her Scottish cousin, and the two crowns were joined in one person for the first time. | Fact | Details | |---|---| | Origin | Penmynydd, Anglesey, Wales | | Ruled | England, Wales and Ireland, 1485 to 1603 | | Founder | Owen Tudor, through his son Edmund Tudor | | Monarchs | Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I | | Emblem | The Tudor rose, red and white combined | | Principal seats | Richmond, Greenwich, Hampton Court and Whitehall palaces | | Ended | Death of Elizabeth I in 1603, succeeded by James VI of Scotland |
Alexander II's recorded parent is Nicholas I.
Alexander II has 2 recorded children: Alexander III, Sergei Alexandrovich.
Alexander II married Maria Alexandrovna.
Alexander II is recorded as Emperor of Russia in the Romanov family tree.
Alexander II's recorded native place is Moscow, Russian Empire.
1 ancestor and 11 descendants of Alexander II are recorded so far, within a tree of 17 people.
Alexander II is recorded as Nicholas II's Paternal Grandfather.
Alexander II is recorded in the Romanov family tree on My rOoOts, alongside 16 other people.
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