Mary Tudor

Catherine of Valois was a French princess who became queen of England as the wife of Henry V and, by her second marriage, the grandmother of Henry VII. Born in Paris in 1401, the youngest daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria, she was married to Henry V in 1420 under the Treaty of Troyes, which was meant to settle the Hundred Years' War by making her husband heir to the French throne. Their only child succeeded as Henry VI of England at the age of nine months. Widowed at twenty, Catherine formed a lasting union with Owen Tudor, a Welshman of her household, and their sons Edmund and Jasper Tudor grew up under the protection of their royal half-brother. She died in 1437 and was buried at Westminster Abbey.

John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was an English nobleman and soldier of the Lancastrian royal house and the father of Lady Margaret Beaufort. Born in 1404, he was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, through Gaunt's marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were legitimated by parliament but later barred from the succession by a clause of doubtful authority. Captured in France as a young man at the Battle of Bauge, he spent some seventeen years as a prisoner of war before being ransomed. He was created Duke of Somerset in 1443 and given command of an expensive expedition to France that achieved nothing and ended in his disgrace at court. He died in 1444, leaving his infant daughter Margaret as his heiress and, through her, the Tudor line.

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, was the English magnate whose claim to the throne opened the Wars of the Roses and whose sons became Edward IV and Richard III. Born in 1411, he inherited vast estates and a double descent from Edward III, through his father Richard of Conisburgh and his mother Anne Mortimer. He served as the king's lieutenant in France and in Ireland and twice as Lord Protector during the incapacity of Henry VI, pressing his case against the court party led by Queen Margaret of Anjou. In October 1460 parliament recognised him as heir to the throne in place of the king's son, but he died at the Battle of Wakefield that December. Through his granddaughter Elizabeth of York his blood passed into the Tudor line.

Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, was an English noblewoman remembered as the matriarch of the House of York, mother of two kings and great-grandmother of Henry VIII. Born at Raby Castle in County Durham in 1415, the youngest daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Joan Beaufort, she married Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and bore him at least twelve children, among them Edward IV, George, Duke of Clarence, and Richard III. Widowed in 1460, she outlived her husband by thirty-five years and most of her children, living in careful devotional retirement at Berkhamsted Castle with a household routine modelled on a religious rule. She died in 1495, having seen her granddaughter Elizabeth of York crowned queen to the first Tudor king.

George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, was an English prince of the House of York, a younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III and the father of Margaret Pole. Born at Dublin Castle in 1449 while his father served as the king's lieutenant in Ireland, he was created Duke of Clarence at his brother's coronation in 1461. In 1469 he married Isabel Neville, elder daughter of the Earl of Warwick, and joined his father-in-law's rebellion against the king before changing sides again and being reconciled. Relations with Edward IV broke down once more after Isabel's death, and he was attainted by parliament and died in the Tower of London in February 1478. His daughter Margaret carried the Plantagenet bloodline into the Tudor century.

Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was an English noblewoman and one of the last of the House of Plantagenet, a first cousin of Elizabeth of York and for many years a trusted figure at the court of Henry VIII. Born in 1473 to George, Duke of Clarence, and Isabel Neville, she was married to Sir Richard Pole, a loyal servant of Henry VII, and bore five children, among them Cardinal Reginald Pole. Henry VIII restored her to the earldom of Salisbury in her own right in 1513, a rare distinction for a woman, and appointed her governess to Princess Mary, to whom she remained devoted through the years of Mary's disgrace. Her family's opposition to the king's religious policy brought her attainder in 1539 and her death at the Tower of London in 1541.

James V was king of Scots from 1513 to 1542, the son of James IV and Margaret Tudor and the father of Mary, Queen of Scots. Born at Linlithgow Palace in 1512, he succeeded before his second birthday and spent his minority under a succession of regents and, from 1525, in the custody of his stepfather the Earl of Angus, from whom he escaped in 1528 to rule in his own right. He rebuilt royal finances, kept Scotland aligned with France and with Rome against the reformation pursued by his uncle Henry VIII, and remodelled the palaces of Falkland and Stirling in the new Renaissance style. His first wife, Madeleine of Valois, died soon after their marriage; his second, Mary of Guise, bore him a daughter six days before his own death at Falkland Palace in December 1542.

Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, was an English and Scottish noblewoman, the daughter of Margaret Tudor and the Earl of Angus and the grandmother of James VI and I. Born at Harbottle Castle in Northumberland in October 1515 while her mother was in flight from Scotland, she was brought up largely at the English court as a favoured niece of Henry VIII and a close companion of Princess Mary. She was twice imprisoned for making marriage arrangements without royal consent before marrying Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, in 1544. Her persistent dynastic manoeuvring secured the marriage of her son Lord Darnley to Mary, Queen of Scots, uniting the two strongest claims to the English succession. She died in London in 1578.

Mary I was queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558, the first woman to rule the kingdom in her own right. Born at Greenwich in 1516, the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, she was declared illegitimate after her parents' marriage was annulled and spent years separated from her mother and out of favour at court. Restored to the succession by her father's will in 1544, she took the throne in 1553 with wide popular support after the attempt to install Lady Jane Grey collapsed within days. She married Philip II of Spain in 1554 and devoted her reign to restoring papal authority and Catholic worship in England, a campaign whose severity against Protestants dominated her later reputation. She died childless at St James's Palace in November 1558.

Mary, Queen of Scots, was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 and the mother of James VI and I, who joined the Scottish and English crowns. Born at Linlithgow Palace in December 1542, the daughter of James V and Mary of Guise, she became queen at six days old and was brought up at the French court, marrying the dauphin, later Francis II, in 1558. Widowed at eighteen, she returned to a Scotland transformed by the Reformation. Her marriage to her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, produced a son but collapsed in bitterness, and after her subsequent marriage to the Earl of Bothwell she was forced to abdicate in 1567. She fled to England, where her claim to the English throne made her the focus of plots against Elizabeth I. She was tried and executed at Fotheringhay Castle in 1587.

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI and I. Born at Temple Newsam in Yorkshire in December 1545 to Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Lady Margaret Douglas, he was a great-grandson of Henry VII through both of his parents and so carried a claim to the English throne in his own right. Tall, well educated and ambitious, he married Mary at Holyrood in July 1565 and was styled king of Scots, though the queen refused him the crown matrimonial. Their son, the future James VI, was born in June 1566. His part in the killing of the queen's secretary David Rizzio destroyed the marriage, and he died at Kirk o' Field in Edinburgh in February 1567.