Charles of Prussia

Louise Henriette of Nassau was Electress of Brandenburg as the first wife of Frederick William, the Great Elector, whom she married in 1646. A daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, she was raised in the Dutch Republic and brought Netherlandish ideas of land drainage, agriculture and garden design to the sandy country around Berlin. The town of Oranienburg, where she rebuilt a country residence, is named after her family. She wrote hymns in the German Reformed tradition, several of which stayed in use long after her death. Of her children, Frederick I survived to become the first King in Prussia, making her the ancestress of the Prussian royal line. She died in 1667 at the age of thirty nine.

Frederick I was the first King in Prussia, reigning from 1701 until 1713, having succeeded his father the Great Elector as Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg in 1688. Born at Koenigsberg, he negotiated the Crown Treaty with Emperor Leopold I, promising Prussian troops for the War of the Spanish Succession in exchange for recognition of a royal title, and crowned himself at Koenigsberg on 18 January 1701. His court at Berlin was lavish by Prussian standards. He founded the Academy of Arts and, with his wife Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, the Academy of Sciences, and he built the palace of Charlottenburg. His son Frederick William I and grandson Frederick the Great both reacted against his taste for ceremony and expense.

Frederick William I, called the Soldier King, was King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until 1740. Born in Berlin, the son of Frederick I and Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, he dismantled his father's expensive court, reorganised the administration into the General Directory, introduced compulsory primary schooling and left his heir the best drilled army in Europe together with a full treasury. He was known for his regiment of unusually tall soldiers and for the harsh discipline he imposed on his eldest son, the future Frederick the Great, whose attempt to flee Prussia in 1730 ended in a court martial. With his wife Sophia Dorothea of Hanover he had fourteen children, among them a king of Prussia and a queen of Sweden.

Wilhelmine of Prussia was Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth and the eldest sister of Frederick the Great, to whom she remained unusually close all her life. Born in Berlin in 1709 to Frederick William I and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, she married Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, in 1731 after her mother's plan for a marriage into the British royal family collapsed. At Bayreuth she became a notable patron and builder, responsible for the Hermitage and the Margravial Opera House, and she composed music of her own. Her memoirs are the frankest surviving account of life at her father's court and a principal source for her brother's youth. She died in 1758 during the Seven Years' War.

Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was King in Prussia from 1740 and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786, and is the most celebrated member of the House of Hohenzollern. Born in Berlin to Frederick William I and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, he survived a famously brutal upbringing before turning Prussia into a European great power. He seized Silesia from Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession, held it against Austria, France and Russia through the Seven Years' War, and gained Polish territory in the First Partition of 1772. He was also a flute player and composer, a correspondent of Voltaire, the builder of Sanssouci at Potsdam and the author of the Anti-Machiavel. His marriage to Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick produced no children, so the crown passed to his nephew Frederick William II.

Frederick III was German Emperor and King of Prussia for ninety nine days in 1888, the shortest reign in the history of his house. Born at Potsdam in 1831, the only son of Wilhelm I and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, he studied at Bonn, commanded armies with distinction at Koeniggraetz in 1866 and at Woerth and Sedan in 1870, and was created crown prince of the new empire in 1871. With his wife Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, he favoured liberal parliamentary government on the British model, which set him at odds with Otto von Bismarck throughout his father's long reign. He was already seriously unwell when he finally succeeded in March 1888, and he died at Potsdam in June, leaving the throne to his eldest son, Wilhelm II.

Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. Born in Berlin in 1859, the eldest son of Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal, he was a grandson of both Wilhelm I and Queen Victoria. He dismissed Otto von Bismarck in 1890 and pursued a personal and assertive foreign policy, building a battle fleet that antagonised Britain and backing Austria-Hungary in the crisis of July 1914. His impulsive speeches and interviews repeatedly embarrassed his own governments, and by the later years of the First World War real authority had passed to the army command. He abdicated in November 1918 and spent the rest of his life at Doorn in the Netherlands, where he died in 1941. With Augusta Victoria he had six sons and one daughter.

Sophia of Prussia was Queen of the Hellenes as the wife of Constantine I of Greece, and a younger daughter of Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal. Born at Potsdam in 1870, she married the Greek crown prince in 1889, and her conversion to Greek Orthodoxy caused a lasting breach with her brother Wilhelm II. Her husband's reign was dominated by the National Schism with Eleftherios Venizelos and by the Greek defeat in Asia Minor, and the royal family was driven into exile twice, in 1917 and again in 1922. She worked for hospitals, nursing, soup kitchens and forestry projects in Greece. Three of her sons, George II, Alexander and Paul, became kings of the Hellenes, and her daughter Helen was Queen Mother of Romania. She died at Frankfurt in 1932.

Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia was the second son of Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria. Born at Potsdam in 1883, he was brought up for the army and commanded the First Regiment of Foot Guards in the First World War, serving on both the Western and Eastern fronts and receiving the order Pour le Merite. In 1906 he married Duchess Sophie Charlotte of Oldenburg; the marriage produced no children and was dissolved in 1926. After the fall of the monarchy he held office in veterans' organisations, including the Stahlhelm league of former front line soldiers, and he lived at Potsdam, in the Villa Ingenheim, where he died in 1942.

Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia, known in the family as Auwi, was the fourth son of Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria. Born at Potsdam in 1887, he studied law and took a doctorate at Strasbourg, then served in staff appointments during the First World War. In 1908 he married Princess Alexandra Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gluecksburg; their son Alexander Ferdinand was born in 1912 and the marriage was dissolved in 1920. He joined the Nazi Party in 1930 and became a senior SA officer and a Prussian state councillor, campaigning for the party in the belief that it would restore the monarchy. He was interned after the Second World War and tried before a denazification court, and he died at Stuttgart in 1949.

Prince Hubertus of Prussia was the third son of Crown Prince Wilhelm and Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Born at Potsdam in 1909, he trained in agriculture and served as a Luftwaffe officer until 1943, when the regime dismissed members of the former ruling houses from the armed forces. He married Princess Maria Anna von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg in 1941 and, after that marriage ended, Princess Magdalene Reuss of Koestritz in 1943. Looking for a new life once the family's Silesian estates were lost, he emigrated to South West Africa, where he took up farming near Windhoek. He died there in 1950 at the age of forty, leaving one daughter.